HMS Archer (D78)

HMS Archer was a Long Island-class escort carrier built by the United States in 1939–1940 and operated by the Royal Navy during World War II. She was built as the cargo ship Mormancland, but was converted to an escort carrier and renamed HMS Archer. Her transmission was a constant cause of problems which led to her being withdrawn from front-line service. She was used as a stores ship and then as an accommodation ship before a refit and use as a merchant aircraft ferry ship, Empire Lagan.

She was returned to the U.S. Navy then laid up as Archer before being sold into merchant service and converted to a passenger ship, Anna Salén. She was used to take emigrants to Australia and Canada in the early 1950s. She was sold and renamed Tasmania and after further service as an emigrant ship was converted back to a cargo ship. She was later sold and renamed Union Reliance. She was scrapped after a collision and fire in 1961.

Design and description
Mormacland was laid down as a type C3M cargo ship[1] on 1 August 1939, under United States Maritime Commission contract (MC Hull 46),[2] by the Sun Shipbuilding and Drydock Company, Chester, Pennsylvania as Yard number 184.[3] She was launched on 14 December 1939 and completed on 24 April 1940.[2]

HMS Archer was the only Long Island class escort carrier in service with the Royal Navy during the Second World War. She was converted from the American merchant ship Mormacland which was being built at the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Shipbuilding_%26_Drydock_Co. Sun Shipbuilding and Drydock Company ]. She was laid down on 1 August 1939, launched on 14 December 1939 and delivered on 24 April 1940.[4] [5] [6]

She was converted to an escort aircraft carrier in the Atlantic Basin Iron Works at Brooklyn New York and commissioned into the Royal Navy on 6 May 1942, under the command of Captain Abel-Smith.[7]

Archer had a complement of 555 men and an overall length of 492.25 feet (150.04 m), a beam of 66.25 feet (20.19 m) and a height of 23.25 ft (7.09 m).[4] She displaced 8,200 long tons (8,300 t) at normal load and 9,000 long tons (9,100 t) at deep load. Propulsion was provided by four diesel engines connected to one shaft giving 8,500 brake horsepower (BHP), which could propel the ship at 16.5 knots (30.6 km/h; 19.0 mph).[8]

Aircraft facilities were a small combined bridge–flight control on the starboard side and above the 410 feet (120 m) long wooden flight deck, one aircraft lift 43 feet (13 m) by 34 feet (10 m), one aircraft catapult and nine arrestor wires. Aircraft could be housed in the 190 feet (58 m) by 47 feet (14 m) half hangar below the flight deck.[5] [8] Armament comprised three single mounted 4 inch dual purpose anti-aircraft guns and fifteen 20 mm cannons on single or twin mounts.[8] She had the capacity for fifteen aircraft which could be a mixture of Grumman Martlet or Hawker Sea Hurricane fighter aircraft and Fairey Swordfish or Grumman Avenger anti-submarine aircraft.[8]

Service history
Mormacland was 7,889 GRT.[9] She was operated by Moore-McCormack Lines Inc., homeported in New York, until 6 March 1941 when she was requisitioned by the United States Navy[1] and sent to Newport News Shipbuilding & Drydock Co, Newport News, Virginia for conversion to an aircraft carrier.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ships_2-1">[3]

USS Archer
The conversion consisted of a lightweight wooden flight deck on a truss frame being added on top of the ship which covered about 70% of the ships' length. The deck was serviced by a single lift aft where the aircraft hangar was situated.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Archer_1-2">[2] The conversion was completed on 15 November 1941.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Archer_1-3">[2] As converted, she was commissioned as USS Archer with pennant number BAVG-1 before transfer to the Royal Navy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-McCormack_0-2">[1]

Archer was a sister of the USS Long Island. Like the Long Island, the Archer had no island structure. Her original bridge was retained and extended at the sides to provide visibility. Her funnel was replaced by twin diesel vents to either side of the flight deck. Her Busch-Sulzer engines sometimes produced so much black smoke that landing aircraft couldn't see the batman or flight deck.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Archer_1-4">[2]

HMS Archer
Two days after the conversion was completed, USS Archer was transferred to and commissioned in the Royal Navy as part of the Lend-Lease program.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ships_2-2">[3] On 23 December 1941, three US Navy Grumman F4F Wildcats landed on Archer for trials to the launch accelerator. The accelerator misfired, causing the first aircraft to dive into the sea as sufficient airspeed had not been gained. The remaining two aircraft were successfully flown off. Archer put into the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard on 24 December 1941 for repairs to the accelerator, which had been damaged in the misfire. On 2 January 1942, Archer successfully completed her sea trials. On 9 January, she sailed down the Delaware River bound for Norfolk, Virginia where she was to load aircraft for ferrying to the United Kingdom. Her gyro compass failed near Goose Island and then her engines developed problems. After repairs were effected she arrived at Norfolk and on 12 January she embarked eleven Grumman Martlets.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Archer_1-5">[2]

She departed Norfolk on 13 January but was soon in trouble, as her steering developed a fault and her gyro compass failed. Repairs were made and she set course for Kingston, Jamaica. Later that day, Archer had a collision with the American owned, Peruvian flagged 4,497 GRT SS Brazos some 200 nautical miles (370 km) east of Charleston, South Carolina( WikiMiniAtlas 32°54′N 74°14′W﻿ / ﻿32.9°N 74.233°W ﻿ / 32.9; -74.233). Archer sustained damage to her bow, and eventually settled down at the bow by 5 degrees after the damage and flooding had been contained. Both ships were dead in the water. The 35 crewmembers of Brazos transferred to Archer in their own lifeboats and Brazos sank on 14 January. Archer ' s captain had radioed for assistance and at first light started to make for the coast, but as her propeller was half out of the water, progress was minimal. On 16 January, Archer rendezvoused with US Coastguard tug  Tallapoosa  which unsuccessfully attempted to tow Archer. It was decided that Archer should continue under her own power until a more powerful tug could assist her. On 17 January,  Cherokee  reached her and proceeded to tow her to Charleston, where she arrived on 21 January. She entered dry dock on 28 January for repairs, which took about six weeks.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Archer_1-6">[2]

On 7 March 1942, Archer embarked twelve Martlets for delivery to HMS Illustrious and her own four Fairey Swordfish aircraft of 834 Squadron which had flown out from Jamaica. She sailed on 18 March for San Juan, Puerto Rico in company with HMS Devonshire and two destroyers as part of Convoy AS 2. On 22 March Archer again had problems with her steering gear. She put into San Juan on 23 March and rejoined the convoy on 24 March. Anti-submarine patrols were carried out without a sighting, although one Swordfish was badly damaged on 30 March when it lost its tailhook and ended up in the safety barrier. Although her engines and gyro compass continued to give trouble, she arrived at Freetown. Sierra Leone on 3 April. On 9 April, Archer ' s twelve brand new Martlets were transferred to Illustrious and two Martlets from Illustrious were transferred to Archer.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Archer_1-7">[2]

On 15 June 1942, one of her Swordfish aircraft became the first ever aircraft to land on Ascension Island. The aircraft's crew were looking for survivors from SS Lyle Park which had been sunk by  U-752 . They landed in order to pass on a message destined for the Admiralty.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FAA_9-0">[10]

Archer ' s powerplant continued to give trouble, particularly the electro-magnetic clutches. If the clutch disengaged the engines would race at high revs and had to be shut down in order for repairs to be made. This was particularly problematic if aircraft were flying or there were enemy submarines nearby. On 26 June, Archer departed Freetown bound for Bermuda, where she was to undergo repairs. Work started on 15 July and took some fourteen weeks to complete. Archer then sailed to New York where she joined Convoy UGS 2 which departed New York on 2 November bound for Casablanca, Morocco. She ferried 30 Curtiss P-40 Warhawks and US personnel to Casablanca. She then sailed to Gibraltar to join convoy MKF 3 which departed Gibraltar on 27 November. When Archer arrived in the UK, she was sent to Liverpool for another refit which commenced on 4 December. Her flight deck was lengthened at this refit.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Archer_1-8">[2]

On 19 February 1943, Archer embarked nine Martlet Vs of 892 Squadron and on 28 February embarked nine Swordfish Mk II aircraft of 819 Squadron.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Archer_1-9">[2] She was inspected by the King the following day and then sent to shipyards on the Clyde and at Belfast for further rectification work. In early May, Archer joined the 4th Escort Group off Iceland on convoy support operations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Archer_1-10">[2] She joined Convoy ONS 6 on 9 May and then Convoy ON 182 on 12 May, leaving these convoys on 14 May. On 21 May she joined Convoy HX 239.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Convoy_10-0">[11] On 23 May, a Swordfish II of 819 Squadron sunk U-752 with a Rocket Spear, a new weapon,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FAA_9-1">[10] at WikiMiniAtlas 51°48′N 29°32′W﻿ / ﻿51.8°N 29.533°W ﻿ / 51.8; -29.533. The thirteen survivors were rescued by HMS Escapade.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Convoy_10-1">[11] U-752 was the first German U-boat to be sunk with rockets and only the second to be sunk by aircraft that operated from an escort aircraft carrier.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Archer_1-11">[2] Archer left Convoy HX 239 on 24 May. She then joined Convoy KMS 18B on 26 June and left that convoy on 3 July.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Convoy_10-2">[11] She was then withdrawn from the 4th Escort Group to take part in exercises in the Irish Sea. Following these exercises, she was sent to the Bay of Biscay on anti-submarine patrol duty, but was withdrawn from this after a week due to a lack of U-boat activity and further defects. She arrived at Devonport on 27 July and work commence the following day. Archer then sailed to the Clyde for engine repairs, arriving on 3 August.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Archer_1-12">[2]

It was found that Archer had extensive defects and she was decommissioned with effect from 6 November 1943. She was relegated to use as a stores ship at Gare Loch. In March 1944, Archer was towed to Loch Alsh where she was used as an accommodation ship until August when she was sent to Belfast for repairs to enable her to be used as an aircraft ferry ship. Repairs were to take seven and a half months.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Archer_1-13">[2]

Archer was the first of thirty-eight US-built converted C3 Escort Carriers turned over to Great Britain during the period 1941-1944,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ace_11-0">[12] and one of five motor ships (the remainder were powered by geared turbines). Unlike the others, Archer was powered by four diesel engines instead of two.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FAA_9-2">[10]

Empire Lagan
On completion of the repairs on 15 March 1945,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Archer_1-14">[2] HMS Archer was transferred to the Ministry of War Transport and renamed Empire Lagan.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ships_2-3">[3] She was used to ferry aircraft to the United Kingdom. Operated under the management of the Blue Funnel Line<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Archer_1-15">[2] and later A Holt & Co. Empire Lagan was homeported in London.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lagan_12-0">[13] Empire Lagan returned to the USA in Convoy UC 69, which departed Liverpool on 24 May 1945 and arrived at New York on 3 June 1945. She then sailed to Norfolk, Virginia.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-UC69_13-0">[14]

Archer
On 9 January 1946,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FAA_9-3">[10] Empire Lagan was returned to the US Navy and renamed USS Archer. She was stricken from the US Navy register on 26 February 1946.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Archer_1-16">[2] MV Archer was laid up at Norfolk, Virginia.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ships_2-4">[3] On 30 September 1947 she was sold to Mr J F Luley, New York for commercial service.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Danfs_14-0">[15]

Anna Salén
Archer was bought by Sven Salén, Stockholm and registered under the ownership of Rederi Pulp AB.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Archer_1-17">[2] She was renamed Anna Salén and converted to a passenger ship, with the superstructure extended from the foc's'le to the stern.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ships_2-5">[3] There was accommodation for 600 passengers in a single class.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Archer_1-18">[2] Her homeport was Stockholm<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Stockholm_15-0">[16] After the rebuild she was 11,672 GRT. Anna Salén was used on routes from Europe to Australia<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ships_2-6">[3] and Canada.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Archer_1-19">[2] Her maiden voyage as a passenger ship was from Naples, Italy to Melbourne and Sydney.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Film_16-0">[17] On her third voyage as Anna Salén she broke down in the Indian Ocean<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mende_17-0">[18] and limped into Aden. After repairs were completed, Anna Salén resumed service. Her next voyage began on 27 November 1950, Anna Salén departed Bremerhaven bound for Australia.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Film_16-1">[17] During the journey, one of the emigrants, Herr Gustav Kovaks, made a film about the voyage.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Maker_18-0">[19] It was later widely shown in Germany to give people a view of how the emigration process worked. Anna Salén arrived at Fremantle on 31 December 1950 and sailed for Melbourne later that day. It was realised that she couldn't make Melbourne before the New Year, so for political reasons Anna Salén was ordered back to Fremantle where all 1,522 passengers were disembarked.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Film_16-2">[17] She departed Bremen, West Germany on 2 July 1953 to make a round trip to Quebec, Canada<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-List_19-0">[20] The journey took seven days. In the early to mid 1950s, Anna Salén was used between Europe, Saigon and Australia.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mende_17-1">[18] On 26 December 1951, Anna Salén came across the Canadian coaster SS Mayfall flying a distress signal. She had encountered bad weather and run out of fuel. Anna Salén towed Mayfall to St Johns and then continued her journey to Halifax<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Rescue_20-0">[21] On 13 August 1952, Anna Salén collided with the 18,369 GRT Norwegian whaler SS Thorshovdi in the Pentland Firth. She put into Lyness with damage to her bows.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Whaler_21-0">[22] She was sold in 1955 to a Greek buyer.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ships_2-7">[3]

Tasmania
Anna Salén was bought by Compagnia Navigazione Tasmania SA, Piraeus and renamed Tasmania. She was placed under the management of Hellenic Mediterranean Lines and used on routes between French ports and Australia.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ships_2-8">[3] and also on the Piraeus - Melbourne route of Hellenic Mediterranean Lines.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Archer_1-20">[2] In 1958, she was converted to a cargo ship of 7,638 GRT.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-List_19-1">[20] She was sold to a Taiwanese buyer in 1961.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ships_2-9">[3]

Union Reliance
Tasmania was bought by the China Union Lines of Taipei. She was renamed Union Reliance.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ships_2-10">[3] She was used on routes between Taipei and the USA.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mende_17-2">[18] On 7 November 1961, she collided with the 9,003 GRT Norwgeian tanker MV Berea in the Houston Ship Channel. As a result of the collision, Union Reliance caught fire and then ran aground.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ships_2-11">[3] Twelve people aboard Berea were killed in the collision and subsequent fire. Union Reliance was abandoned by her owners.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Court_22-0">[23] The wreck was removed on 9 November<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ships_2-12">[3] by the United States authorities<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Court_22-1">[23] and towed to Galveston, Texas<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ships_2-13">[3] China Union Lines refused to make payment for this, and filed a Petition for Exoneration from, or Limitation of Liability. The Court ordered that Union Reliance and her cargo be sold to pay off costs incurred by the United States authorities. On 12 January 1962, Union Reliance was sold for $190,100 for scrap.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Court_22-2">[23] She was scrapped at New Orleans in March 1962.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ships_2-14">[3]

Propulsion
She was powered by four 7 cylinder<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ships_2-15">[3] Single Cycle Single Action diesel engines.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mormacland_8-1">[9] These drove a single screw<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ships_2-16">[3] via electro-magnetic slip couplings and single reduction gearing. The engines were built by Busch-Sulzer Brothers Diesel Engine Co, St Louis, Missouri. The engines were 20½ inches bore by 27 inches stroke (520 mm by 690 mm). They developed a total of 2,060 nominal horse power<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mormacland_8-2">[9] each. As HMS Archer, she had a range of 14,550 nautical miles (26,950 km) at 10 knots (19 km/h).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Navsource_23-0">[24]

Official number and code letters
Official Numbers were a forerunner to IMO Numbers. Mormacland had the US Official Number 239370 and used the Code Letters WDSH.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mormacland_8-3">[9] Empire Lagan had the UK Official Number 180557 and used the Code Letters GNCX<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lagan_12-1">[13]