SS Invicta (1939)

Invicta was a passenger ferry built in 1939 for the Southern Railway and requisitioned on completion by the Admiralty for use as a troopship, serving during the Second World War as HMS Invicta. She was returned to the Southern Railway in 1945 and passed to British Railways in 1948. With the introduction to TOPS (a new numbering system) in 1968, Invicta was one of 14 "locomotives" classified as Class 99. She was allocated TOPS Number 99 010. Invicta served on the Dover - Calais route from 1946 until 1972 when she was withdrawn from service and scrapped.

Description
Invicta was ordered on 13 February 1939 from William Denny & Bros Ltd, Dumbarton. She was built as yard number 1344 and was launched on 14 December 1939. Completion was in June 1940.[1]

Invicta was 336 feet 5 inches (102.54 m) long, with a beam of 50 feet 1 inch (15.27 m) and a depth of 24 feet 5 inches (7.44 m). She was 4,178 GRT and 1,982 NRT.[2] She had a draught of 12 feet 9 inches (3.89 m).[1]

She was powered by four Parson's turbines, which were built by Denny's. The four turbines drove twin screw propellors through single reduction gearing and had a total power output of 11,000 shaft horsepower (8,200 kW). These gave Invicta a speed of 22 knots (41 km/h). Steam was supplied by two Yarrow water tube boilers operating at 250 pounds per square inch (17 atm). Originally coal fired, the boilers were converted to oil in 1946.[1]

History
Invicta was completed in June 1940. She was then requisitioned by the Admiralty and departed Dumbarton on 27 June for Clynder, where she was laid up on the River Clyde, although technically she had been delivered to the Southern Railway on 1 July. In 1941, it was decided to convert Invicta to a Landing Ship, Infantry. The work was carried out by Barclay, Curle & Co Ltd, Elderslie. Following conversion, Invicta could carry six LCAs and 250 troops.[1] Invicta was allocated the Code Letters GLJG and the United Kingdom Official Number 167606. Her port of registry was London.[2]

On 3 June 1943, Invicta was commissioned into the Royal Navy as HMS Invicta.[1] She took part in the Dieppe Raid on 19 August 1942, landing soldiers from The South Saskatchewan Regiment on Green Beach.[3] In October 1943, HMS Invicta was assigned to Force J in preparation for Operation Overlord.[1] Her Code Letters were changed to GLJQ during this time.[4] On 6 June 1944, Invicta was part of 510 Flotilla. She carried members of the 7th Canadian Infantry Brigade to Juno Beach, Courseulles-sur-Mer.[5] Amongst those on board Invicta was Richard Pirrie, the first Australian to be killed on D-Day.[6] Also on board, was war correspondent Robert Raymond.[7] Invicta was decommissioned on 9 October 1945 and returned to the Southern Railway.[1]

Invicta was refitted ready for service, but she was chartered by the Government on 26 December 1945 for use as a troopship, bringing demobbed troops back from Calais, France to Dover. On 27 December she collided with  Ben-my-Chree  in Dover. On 23 April 1946, Invicta departed for Walker where she was to be refitted by Vickers-Armstrongs Ltd. During the refit, she was converted from coal to oil fuel. Invicta departed the Tyne on 14 October and made her first peacetime crossing of the Channel the next day,[1] replacing  Canterbury  on the Dover - Calais route.[8]

In 1947, another refit saw Invicta fitted with stablilisers. These had been part of the original design but were omitted due to her rapid construction. On 1 January 1948, ownership of Invicta passed to the British Transport Commission on the Nationalisation of the Railways. She was now operated by British Railways, remaining on the Dover - Calais route. In January 1959, Invicta suffered minor damage in a collision with the pier at Calais. On 1 January 1963, ownership of Invicta passed to the British Railways Board following the dissolution of the British Transport Commission.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Dover_1-8">[1]

On 26 April 1963, Invicta was the first ship to pass through the western entrance of Dover Harbour following the removal of Second World War blockships.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Dover_1-9">[1] Invicta appeared in the comedy film San Ferry Ann, which was released in 1966.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Film_9-0">[9] In 1967, Invicta was repainted into the new Sealink livery, with a blue hull, white superstructure and red funnel with the double arrow logo.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Dover_1-10">[1] With the introduction of TOPS in 1968, Sealink ships were classed as locomotives for TOPS purposes, being allocated Class 99.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[citation needed] On 23 May 1970, Invicta was chartered for a trip to Ostend, Belgium.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Dover_1-11">[1] With the introduction of TOPS Numbers in 1972, Invicta was allocated 99 010.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[citation needed] She made her last revenue-earning voyages on 8 August 1972. She was then laid up at Newhaven, East Sussex pending a sale. Although a Greek company showed interest in buying her she remained unsold. She was sold to Machinehandel en Scheepssloperij de Koophandel, Rotterdam, Netherlands and departed from Newhaven on 21 September under tow from the tug Michel Petersen, bound for Nieuw Lekkerland.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Dover_1-12">[1] Invicta was resold and scrapped at Brugge, Belgium.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Clyde_10-0">[10]