HMS Audacity (D10)

Location of the sinking of HMS AudacityHMS Audacity was a British escort carrier of the Second World War and the first of her kind. She was originally the German merchant ship Hannover, captured by the Royal Navy in the West Indies in March 1940 and renamed Sinbad, then Empire Audacity. She was converted and commissioned as HMS Empire Audacity, then as HMS Audacity. She was torpedoed by a German U-boat in late 1941.

Hannover
SS Hannover listing before her capture on 6 March 1940Hannover was a 5,537 GRT cargo liner built by Bremer Vulkan Schiff- und Maschinenbau, Vegesack and launched on 29 March 1939.[4] She was owned by Norddeutscher Lloyd and plied between Germany and the West Indies on the banana run.[5] Hannover′s port of registry was Bremen.[6] When World War II began, Hannover sought refuge in Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles. In March 1940,[5] under Kapitän Wahnschaff[citation needed], Hannover attempted to return to Germany as a blockade runner. She was sighted between Hispaniola and Puerto Rico on the night of 7/8 March by the light cruiser  Dunedin  and the Canadian destroyer HMCS Assiniboine. Hannover was ordered to stop, but ignored the order and tried to reach the neutral waters of the Dominican Republic. When Dunedin and Assiniboine intercepted Hannover, Captain Wahnschaff ordered the sea cocks opened and the ship set on fire. A boarding party from Dunedin closed the sea cocks and Hannover was taken under tow. However, it took four days for the salvage crew to put out the fire.[7] Hannover was then towed to Jamaica, arriving on 11 March.[5] Acting Lieutenant A. W. Hughes of Dunedin was mentioned in despatches for his part in securing Hannover. Damage was mainly confined to her electrical system.[7]

Sinbad
Hannover was renamed Sinbad, given a UK Official Number and assigned new Code Letters. Her port of registry was changed to Kingston, Jamaica, under the British flag.[8] Her cargo included 29 barrels of pickled sheep pelts, which were offered for sale by tender in August 1940 as a result of being declared as prize.[7]

Empire Audacity
Sinbad was renamed Empire Audacity as one of the ships of the Ministry of War Transport and was commissioned as an "Ocean Boarding Vessel"[5] on 11 November. Her port of registry was changed to London. She was placed under the management of Cunard White Star Line Ltd.[9] On 22 January 1941,[4] she was sent to Blyth Dry Docks & Shipbuilding Co Ltd, Blyth to be rebuilt as an escort carrier. Britain did not have enough aircraft carriers and shipping was vulnerable to attacks by U-boats in the Mid-Atlantic Gap, where there was no air cover. It was decided by the Admiralty that small carriers were part of the solution, and a number of merchantmen—including Empire Audacity—were converted. Empire Audacity was the largest ship handled at Blyth, which was more used to ships of 300 ft (91 m) length. The townsfolk of Blyth wondered why the superstructure of a perfectly good ship was being scrapped at a time when Britain was desperately short of ships.[5] Empire Audacity was commissioned on 17 June 1941.[10] She was the first escort carrier of the Royal Navy.[5]

HMS Empire Audacity
HMS Empire Audacity worked up in the Clyde. The first deck landing was by a Grumman Martlet of 802 Naval Air Squadron (FAA) on 10 July. A detachment of aircraft were based on Empire Audacity from 19–21 July. All her aircraft had to be stored on the flight deck, as the hasty conversion into an escort carrier did not include a hangar deck.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Carrier_9-1">[10] The Admiralty disliked her merchant name,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ships_4-6">[5] and HMS Empire Audacity was renamed HMS Audacity on 31 July 1941.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Carrier_9-2">[10]

HMS Audacity
Since no serious problems came to light in her trials<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[citation needed], Audacity was put into full service, embarking eight Martlets of No. 802 Squadron FAA. The use of only fighters was a major departure from later practice where the main component was anti-submarine patrol aircraft, but she was used to support Gibraltar convoys and the only perceived threat was the German long-range Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor reconnaissance/bomber aircraft.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Carrier_9-3">[10]

Audacity participated in four convoys during her short career. Convoy OG 74 sailed from Britain on 13 September 1941. On 21 September, during her first run, one of Audacity′s aircraft shot down a Condor bomber which had made a bombing run on the convoy rescue ship  Walmer Castle , although not without Walmer Castle being damaged so badly that she had to be sunk by a Royal Navy corvette.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Carrier_9-4">[10] Convoy HG 74 sailed from Gibraltar on 2 October and arrived at the Clyde on 17 October. The trip was uneventful.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Carrier_9-5">[10] Convoy OG 76 sailed on 28 October bound for Gibraltar. During the voyage, Martlets from Audacity shot down four Condors, one being the first aerial victory for Eric "Winkle" Brown. One Martlet was lost.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Carrier_9-6">[10] Convoy HG 76 sailed from Gibraltar on 14 December. Audacity had only four Martlet aircraft serviceable. The convoy came under attack from 12 U-boats. Martlets from Audacity shot down two Condors;  U-131  was attacked on 17 December.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Carrier_9-7">[10] U-131 shot down a Martlet, but was unable to dive after the attack, and was scuttled by her crew, who were taken prisoner.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-HG76_10-0">[11]
 * OG 74
 * HG 74
 * OG 76
 * HG 76

As Audacity left the convoy on the night of 21 December,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Date_11-0">[12] one of the merchantmen fired a "snowflake" flare which revealed her in silhouette to the German U-boats. The submarines had been given specific orders to sink her as she had caused a lot of trouble for the Germans both at sea and in the air.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ships_4-7">[5] The first torpedo fired by  U-751  under Kapitänleutnant Gerhard Bigalk<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-HG76_10-1">[11] hit her in the engine room and she began to settle by the stern. The next two torpedoes caused an explosion of the aviation fuel<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-HMSAudacity2_12-0">[13] blowing off her bow. Audacity sank some 500 mi (430 nmi; 800 km) west of Cape Finisterreat WikiMiniAtlas 43°45′N 19°54′W﻿ / ﻿43.75°N 19.9°W ﻿ / 43.75; -19.9.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ships_4-8">[5] She sank in 70 minutes. Her survivors were picked up by  Convolvulus ,  Marigold  and  Penstemon ,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Rescue_13-0">[14] one of the survivors being pilot Eric Brown.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Gaz060342_14-0">[15] German propaganda claimed that Audacity was a 23,000 long tons (23,000 t) Illustrious-class aircraft carrier, rather than an ex-merchant ship of less than 6,000 long tons (6,100 t).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Times050142_15-0">[16]

Part of the reason for her short life was her placement with respect to the convoy. Escort carriers could either sail within the convoy, giving them the protection of the convoy's escort vessels, but at the cost of limiting the manoeuvring space which is required to turn the carrier into the wind to operate aircraft, or they could operate outside the convoy. Operating in the area near the convoy gave the carrier all the space it needed to turn as required for aircraft operations but necessitated a second escort for the carrier alone. The carrier could also prove a target for the convoy's attackers, leading them to target it first, to which the answer would be to operate at some distance from the convoy. Audacity had been operating outside the convoy, a procedure that was later prohibited by the Admiralty as too risky<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[citation needed].

Official number and code letters
Official Numbers were a forerunner to IMO Numbers. Sinbad<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sinbad_7-1">[8] and Empire Audacity had the UK Official Number 156145.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Audacity_8-1">[9] Hannover used the Code Letters DOBV.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hannover_5-1">[6] Empire Audacity used the Code Letters GLXZ.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Audacity_8-2">[9]

Model
A model of HMS Audacity is displayed in the Merseyside Maritime Museum.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Model_16-0">[17]